Depletion of this anti-inflammatory butyrate producer is among the most consistently replicated IBD findings.
Reduced richness is a hallmark of active disease across nearly all cohorts.
Butyrate producers decline alongside Faecalibacterium, weakening anti-inflammatory tone.
Adherent-invasive strains are enriched, especially in Crohn’s — a strain-level, not species-level, story.
Enriched in Crohn’s and shown to amplify pro-inflammatory cytokines, creating a vicious circle with inflammation.
Expanded in Crohn’s and shown to worsen colitis in mice via the IBD-linked CARD9 gene; tracks treatment escalation.
This generally protective yeast is depleted in Crohn’s and correlates with the beneficial bacteria that are also lost.
Largely absent in industrialized populations where IBD is common; their immunomodulation may be protective, and controlled exposure has been trialed as therapy.
Consistently LESS common in IBD than in healthy people, hinting at a protective or health-marker role rather than a harmful one.
Virome disturbance is real and can even worsen colitis in mice, but reports conflict — some find loss of protective mucosal phages, others expansion.