Parasites · Helminths (worms)

Helminths (soil-transmitted)

Contested Whipworm, hookworm and roundworm — the ultimate double-edged organisms. A heavy burden harms, but their immunomodulation is tied to HIGHER diversity and LOWER rates of allergy, autoimmunity and IBD.

Associated with these conditions

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Reduced

Largely absent where IBD is common; their immunomodulation may be protective, and controlled exposure has been trialed as therapy.

Moderate evidence

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